Demystifying Hazmat Regulations

Hazardous materials regulations are complex, but it’s helpful to remember the goal: it’s all about safety – safety for workers, consumers, and for the environment. Most of the regulations are laid out in the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Title 49 CFR, parts 100 – 185, which cover domestic shipment of hazardous materials. The regulations include package design and testing requirements, training requirements, and instructions on how to package and handle hazardous materials in bulk and non-bulk forms.

It is crucial to get things right the first time when it comes to packaging hazardous materials. In addition to the aforementioned safety risks, noncompliance with hazmat regulations can result in astronomical fines. Depending on the severity of the offense, these fines can range from $250 to $500,000 per violation.

All of these regulations and requirements are explained clearly in 49 CFR, but the real challenge comes in navigating this extensive, 700-plus page text. Knowing where to look for the information most relevant to packaging can remove a lot of the headache from planning for hazmat packaging.

Most Relevant Sections

Sorting through 49 CFR’s 700-plus pages can be a time-consuming task if you don’t know what you’re looking for. It’s packed with information for dealing with all aspects of hazardous materials, but there are a handful of specific sections that contain most of the relevant information about packaging and shipping. In most cases, a packaging professional can find the information they need in:

• Subchapter C, Part 171: General Information, Regulations, and Definitions
• Subchapter C, Part 173: Shippers – General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings
• Subchapter C, Part 178: Specifications for Packaging

Definitions and Responsibilities

A hazardous material is a substance or material that the Secretary of Transportation has determined can pose an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce. “Hazardous material” is a blanket term that covers hazardous substances, hazardous wastes, marine pollutants, elevated temperature materials, and other materials designated as hazardous in 49 CFR 172.101.

As a packaging professional, it is not your responsibility to determine if a material is hazardous. That responsibility falls on the manufacturer. If you suspect you’re dealing with a hazardous material, the first step is to reach out to the manufacturer to get the Safety Data Sheet (SDS). Your responsibility, then, is to understand the information on the SDS and determine the packaging and testing requirements. For packaging professionals, the most relevant information is included in Section 14 of this form, which contains Transport Information:

• The proper shipping name used by the DOT
• Dangerous goods classification
• U.N. identification number
• Transportation information

Hazmat Classifications

49 CFR categorizes hazardous materials in a few ways that inform procedures for packaging and shipping them. Each material covered by these regulations is categorized by a Hazard Class, Division Number and Class Name. If the material doesn’t fit into those categories, it’s labeled as “other regulated material” by the letters “ORM-D”. A helpful guide to these categories is included below.

Class No.	Division No. (if any)	Name of Class or Division	49 CFR Reference for Definitions
None		Forbidden materials	173.21
None		Forbidden explosives	173.54
1	1.1	Explosives (with a mass explosion hazard)	173.50
1	1.2	Explosives (with a projection hazard)	173.50
1	1.3	Explosives (with predominately a fire hazard)	173.50
1	1.4	Explosives (with no significant blast hazard)	173.50
1	1.5	Very insensitive explosives; blasting agents	173.50
1	1.6	Extremely Insensitive detonating substances	173.50
2	2.1	Flammable gas	173.115
2	2.2	Non-flammable compressed gas	173.115
2	2.3	Poisonous gas	173.115
3		Flammable and combustable liquid	172.120
4	4.1	Flammable solid	173.124
4	4.2	Spontaneously combustable material	173.124
4	4.3	Dangerous when wet material	173.124
5	5.1	Oxidizer	173.127
5	5.2	Organic Peroxide	173.128
6	6.1	Poisonous materials	173.132
6	6.2	Infectious substance (Etiologic agent)	173.134
7		Radioactive material	173.403
8		Corrosive material	173.136
9		Miscellaneous hazardous material	173.140
None		Other regulated material: ORM-D	173.144

• Additional important information is found the Hazardous Materials Table in 49 CFR §172.101, which:
  • Designates the materials listed as hazardous for the purpose of transportation
  • Identifies the hazard class or specifies that the material is forbidden in transportation
  • Identifies the proper shipping name
  • Provides UN identification numbers that apply to international regulations
  • Specifies or references requirements pertaining to labeling, packaging, quantity limits aboard aircraft and stowage of hazardous materials aboard vessels

Design Requirements

49 CFR §173.24 includes general requirements for packaging design; ranging from the general, e.g. the packaging must prevent the release of hazardous materials into the environment, to the very specific, e.g. packaging used for frozen materials must also be capable of containing it in its liquid state if it melts. In fact, many of the testing requirements are centered on making sure packages won’t leak solids, liquids or gasses, and there are some very specific requirements, such as the conditions in which a package may vent to reduce internal pressure for packages containing dry ice (carbon dioxide, solid).

This section also includes information on closures, which must be leakproof and secured against loosening during transportation and storage. It outlines specific requirements for how closures on bottles containing hazardous liquids must be oriented, how labeling should indicate orientation in which the package should be handled and stored (e.g. “this end up”) and how cushioning within the package should react in the event of an internal leak. It includes details about hazmat packages transported by aircraft, including closure procedures, absorption requirements in the event of a leak and limits on quantities that can travel by air.

Testing Requirements

Package testing requirements are included in 49 CFR §178.601. Typically, all new packaging for hazardous materials must undergo a Design Qualification Test, which should be completed at a hazmat-certified lab. The test report must contain specifications for all of the packaging components, along with very detailed assembly instructions that cover each step of the packaging process, up to and including closure specifications and how much tape to use.

Drop heights for the design specification tests are higher than you’ll typically see in package testing, including drops from six feet and higher. Also, unlike traditional testing, the hazmat lab is only looking at containment of the materials within the package, not if the items inside the package remain functional. Some types of packages will need to be periodically retested, and those requirements are also spelled out in 49 CFR §178.601.

Marking Requirements

49 CFR §178.3 focuses on markings for packages containing hazardous materials. These regulations express clear preference for direct printing on a package, rather than applying labels, because printing directly on the package is less likely to wear off. Like many labeling requirements, 49 CFR stipulates that marking must be in an unobstructed area and be clearly legible. It also establishes minimum sizes for all marking.

Arrows that indicate packaging orientation must be printed on two opposite vertical sides. The UN registration number issued when the package passes design qualification testing must also be printed clearly on the package. The UN registration number contains the year of manufacture, requiring annual updates to package markings.

The package must also bear the marking that reflects the hazard class of the material inside. Examples of those markings are included in the graphic below.

Other Regulatory Bodies

While the U.S. DOT’s Title 49 CFR contains the regulations and guidelines most relevant to shipment of hazardous materials within the U.S., there are other organizations that regulate hazardous materials in territories outside the U.S. These are helpful to be aware of if you’re shipping things to or from non-U.S. territory.

Location	Regulatory Body	Regulations
International water	International Maritime Organization (IMO)	International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, 38th Amendment
International Air	International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)	2017 – 2018, Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
International	United Nations Committee of Experts, Sub-Committee on the Transport of Dangerous Goods	UN Model Regulations, 19th Edition
Canada	Transport Canada	• CAN/CGSB-43.150 • CAN/CGSB-43.146 • TDG TPI14850 (Small Containers for Transport of Dangerous Goods, Classes 3,4,5, 6.1.8 and 9)
Mexico	Mexican Secretariat of Communications and Transportation	• NOM-024 • NOM-029
Europe – Ground	United Nations ECE	International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR)
Europe – Rail	RID Committee of Experts	Regulations Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (RID)

By necessity, hazardous material regulation is complex and strenuous. The consequences of getting things wrong can pose a significant safety risk, depending on the material, and the regulatory penalties for getting it wrong reflect this. Even if you’re used to handling packaging testing internally, designing and testing packaging for hazardous materials may be a task best handled by an outside expert.

Adept Group’s diverse team includes specialists in more than 60 packaging disciplines, including hazmat. If you’re looking for help preparing to deal with hazardous materials, get in touch. We can help.